职责链模式

多个处理器依次处理同一个请求

一个请求先经过 A 处理器处理，然后再把请求传递给 B 处理器，B 处理器处理完后再传递给 C 处理器，以此类推，形成一个链条。链条上的每个处理器各自承担各自的处理职责，所以叫作职责链模式。

用链表实现


public abstract class Handler {
  protected Handler successor = null;

  public void setSuccessor(Handler successor) {
    this.successor = successor;
  }

  public final void handle() {
    boolean handled = doHandle();
    if (successor != null && !handled) {
      successor.handle();
    }
  }

  protected abstract boolean doHandle();
}

public class HandlerA extends Handler {
  @Override
  protected boolean doHandle() {
    boolean handled = false;
    //...
    return handled;
  }
}

public class HandlerB extends Handler {
  @Override
  protected boolean doHandle() {
    boolean handled = false;
    //...
    return handled;
  }
}

public class HandlerChain {
  private Handler head = null;
  private Handler tail = null;

  public void addHandler(Handler handler) {
    handler.setSuccessor(null);

    if (head == null) {
      head = handler;
      tail = handler;
      return;
    }

    tail.setSuccessor(handler);
    tail = handler;
  }

  public void handle() {
    if (head != null) {
      head.handle();
    }
  }
}

// 使用举例
public class Application {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    HandlerChain chain = new HandlerChain();
    chain.addHandler(new HandlerA());
    chain.addHandler(new HandlerB());
    chain.handle();
  }
}

Handler 是所有处理器类的抽象父类，handle() 是抽象方法。

每个具体的处理器类（HandlerA、HandlerB）的 handle() 函数的代码结构类似，如果它能处理该请求，就不继续往下传递；
如果不能处理，则交由后面的处理器来处理（也就是调用 successor.handle()）。
HandlerChain 是处理器链

从数据结构的角度来看，它就是一个记录了链头、链尾的链表。其中，记录链尾是为了方便添加处理器。

用数组实现


public interface IHandler {
  boolean handle();
}

public class HandlerA implements IHandler {
  @Override
  public boolean handle() {
    boolean handled = false;
    //...
    return handled;
  }
}

public class HandlerB implements IHandler {
  @Override
  public boolean handle() {
    boolean handled = false;
    //...
    return handled;
  }
}

public class HandlerChain {
  private List<IHandler> handlers = new ArrayList<>();

  public void addHandler(IHandler handler) {
    this.handlers.add(handler);
  }

  public void handle() {
    for (IHandler handler : handlers) {
      boolean handled = handler.handle();
      if (handled) {
        break;
      }
    }
  }
}

// 使用举例
public class Application {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    HandlerChain chain = new HandlerChain();
    chain.addHandler(new HandlerA());
    chain.addHandler(new HandlerB());
    chain.handle();
  }
}

有一种变体，那就是请求会被所有的处理器都处理一遍，不存在中途终止的情况。

敏感词过滤中的职责链模式


public interface SensitiveWordFilter {
  boolean doFilter(Content content);
}

public class SexyWordFilter implements SensitiveWordFilter {
  @Override
  public boolean doFilter(Content content) {
    boolean legal = true;
    //...
    return legal;
  }
}

// PoliticalWordFilter、AdsWordFilter类代码结构与SexyWordFilter类似

public class SensitiveWordFilterChain {
  private List<SensitiveWordFilter> filters = new ArrayList<>();

  public void addFilter(SensitiveWordFilter filter) {
    this.filters.add(filter);
  }

  // return true if content doesn't contain sensitive words.
  public boolean filter(Content content) {
    for (SensitiveWordFilter filter : filters) {
      if (!filter.doFilter(content)) {
        return false;
      }
    }
    return true;
  }
}

public class ApplicationDemo {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    SensitiveWordFilterChain filterChain = new SensitiveWordFilterChain();
    filterChain.addFilter(new AdsWordFilter());
    filterChain.addFilter(new SexyWordFilter());
    filterChain.addFilter(new PoliticalWordFilter());

    boolean legal = filterChain.filter(new Content());
    if (!legal) {
      // 不发表
    } else {
      // 发表
    }
  }
}

Servlet Filter 中的职责链

Servlet Filter 是 Java Servlet 规范中定义的组件，可以实现对 HTTP 请求的过滤功能，比如鉴权、限流、记录日志、验证参数等等。

工作原理


public class LogFilter implements Filter {
  @Override
  public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {
    // 在创建Filter时自动调用，
    // 其中filterConfig包含这个Filter的配置参数，比如name之类的（从配置文件中读取的）
  }

  @Override
  public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, FilterChain chain) throws IOException, ServletException {
    System.out.println("拦截客户端发送来的请求.");
    chain.doFilter(request, response);
    System.out.println("拦截发送给客户端的响应.");
  }

  @Override
  public void destroy() {
    // 在销毁Filter时自动调用
  }
}

<filter>
  <filter-name>logFilter</filter-name>
  <filter-class>com.xzg.cd.LogFilter</filter-class>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
    <filter-name>logFilter</filter-name>
    <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>

添加过滤器非常方便，不需要修改任何代码，定义一个实现 javax.servlet.Filter 的类，再改改配置就搞定了，完全符合开闭原则。

实现原理：


public final class ApplicationFilterChain implements FilterChain {
  private int pos = 0; //当前执行到了哪个filter
  private int n; //filter的个数
  private ApplicationFilterConfig[] filters;
  private Servlet servlet;
  
  @Override
  public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response) {
    if (pos < n) {
      ApplicationFilterConfig filterConfig = filters[pos++];
      Filter filter = filterConfig.getFilter();
      filter.doFilter(request, response, this);
    } else {
      // filter都处理完毕后，执行servlet
      servlet.service(request, response);
    }
  }
  
  public void addFilter(ApplicationFilterConfig filterConfig) {
    for (ApplicationFilterConfig filter:filters)
      if (filter==filterConfig)
         return;

    if (n == filters.length) {//扩容
      ApplicationFilterConfig[] newFilters = new ApplicationFilterConfig[n + INCREMENT];
      System.arraycopy(filters, 0, newFilters, 0, n);
      filters = newFilters;
    }
    filters[n++] = filterConfig;
  }
}

ApplicationFilterChain::doFilter 是一个递归调用，主要是为了在一个 doFilter() 方法中，支持双向拦截，既能拦截客户端发送来的请求，也能拦截发送给客户端的响应。

Spring Interceptor 中的职责链

Servlet Filter 是 Servlet 规范的一部分，实现依赖于 Web 容器。
Spring Interceptor 是 Spring MVC 框架的一部分，由 Spring MVC 框架来提供实现。
客户端发送的请求，会先经过 Servlet Filter，然后再经过 Spring Interceptor，最后到达具体的业务代码中。

工作原理


public class LogInterceptor implements HandlerInterceptor {

  @Override
  public boolean preHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler) throws Exception {
    System.out.println("拦截客户端发送来的请求.");
    return true; // 继续后续的处理
  }

  @Override
  public void postHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, ModelAndView modelAndView) throws Exception {
    System.out.println("拦截发送给客户端的响应.");
  }

  @Override
  public void afterCompletion(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, Exception ex) throws Exception {
    System.out.println("这里总是被执行.");
  }
}

在Spring MVC配置文件中配置interceptors

<mvc:interceptors>
   <mvc:interceptor>
       <mvc:mapping path="/*"/>
       <bean class="com.xzg.cd.LogInterceptor" />
   </mvc:interceptor>
</mvc:interceptors>

实现原理：


public class HandlerExecutionChain {
 private final Object handler;
 private HandlerInterceptor[] interceptors;
 
 public void addInterceptor(HandlerInterceptor interceptor) {
  initInterceptorList().add(interceptor);
 }

 boolean applyPreHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
  HandlerInterceptor[] interceptors = getInterceptors();
  if (!ObjectUtils.isEmpty(interceptors)) {
   for (int i = 0; i < interceptors.length; i++) {
    HandlerInterceptor interceptor = interceptors[i];
    if (!interceptor.preHandle(request, response, this.handler)) {
     triggerAfterCompletion(request, response, null);
     return false;
    }
   }
  }
  return true;
 }

 void applyPostHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, ModelAndView mv) throws Exception {
  HandlerInterceptor[] interceptors = getInterceptors();
  if (!ObjectUtils.isEmpty(interceptors)) {
   for (int i = interceptors.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
    HandlerInterceptor interceptor = interceptors[i];
    interceptor.postHandle(request, response, this.handler, mv);
   }
  }
 }

 void triggerAfterCompletion(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Exception ex)
   throws Exception {
  HandlerInterceptor[] interceptors = getInterceptors();
  if (!ObjectUtils.isEmpty(interceptors)) {
   for (int i = this.interceptorIndex; i >= 0; i--) {
    HandlerInterceptor interceptor = interceptors[i];
    try {
     interceptor.afterCompletion(request, response, this.handler, ex);
    } catch (Throwable ex2) {
     logger.error("HandlerInterceptor.afterCompletion threw exception", ex2);
    }
   }
  }
 }
}

不需要使用递归来实现，主要是因为它将请求和响应的拦截工作，拆分到了两个函数中实现。

在 Spring 框架中，DispatcherServlet 的 doDispatch() 方法来分发请求，它在真正的业务逻辑执行前后，
执行 HandlerExecutionChain 中的 applyPreHandle() 和 applyPostHandle() 函数，用来实现拦截的功能。

迭代器模式

策略模式